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Front de libération du Québec
The Front de libération du Québec (FLQ; (英語:Quebec Liberation Front)) was a separatist paramilitary group in Quebec.〔Gérard Pelletier. The October crisis. McClelland and Stewart, 1971. Pp. 55.〕 Founded in the early 1960s, it militantly supported the Quebec sovereignty movement. It was active between 1963 and 1970, and was regarded as a terrorist organization for its violent methods of action,〔(See Canadian Soldier )〕〔Reich, Walter. ''Origins of Terrorism''. 1998, page 88〕 although some historians also regard some of its members as "idealists" while the provincial police considered them "amateurs". It was responsible for over 160 violent incidents which killed eight people and injured many more, including the bombing of the Montreal Stock Exchange in 1969.〔〔Torrance, Judy. ''Public Violence in Canada''. 1988, page 37〕 These attacks culminated in 1970 with what is known as the October Crisis, in which British Trade Commissioner James Cross and Quebec Labour Minister Pierre Laporte were kidnapped, with Laporte being killed.
FLQ members practised propaganda of the deed and issued declarations that called for a socialist insurrection against oppressors identified with "Anglo-Saxon" imperialism,〔Torrance, Judy. ''Public Violence in Canada''. 1988, page 35〕 the overthrow of the Quebec government, the independence of Quebec from Canada and the establishment of a French-speaking Quebecer "workers' society". The organization was also influenced by other movements, such as leftist groups in countries such as Algeria, Vietnam and Cuba.
==History==
Members and sympathizers of the group were called "Felquistes" ((:fɛlˈkist)), a word coined from the French pronunciation of the letters FLQ. Some of the members were organized and trained by Georges Schoeters, a Belgian revolutionary. FLQ members Normand Roy and Michel Lambert received guerrilla training from the Palestine Liberation Organization in Jordan.〔http://www.booksincanada.com/article_view.asp?id=1115〕 The FLQ was a loose association operating as a clandestine cell system. Various cells emerged over time: the Viger Cell founded by Robert Comeau, history professor at the Université du Québec à Montréal; the Dieppe Cell; the Louis Riel Cell; the Nelson Cell; the Saint-Denis Cell; the Liberation Cell; and the Chénier Cell. The last two of these cells were involved in what became known as the October Crisis. From 1963 to 1970, the FLQ committed over 160 violent actions, including bombings, bank hold-ups, kidnappings, at least three killings by FLQ bombs and two killings by gunfire. In 1966 ''Revolutionary Strategy and the Role of the Avant-Garde'' was prepared by the FLQ, outlining their long-term strategy of successive waves of robberies, violence, bombings, and kidnappings, culminating in revolution. The history of the FLQ is sometimes described as a series of "waves".
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